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UVB radiation affects the physiological and developmental processes of plants. Despite mechanisms to reduce or repair these effects and an ability to adapt to increased levels of UVB, plant growth can be directly affected by UVB radiation. Indirect changes caused by UVB such as changes in plant form, how nutrients are distributed within the plant, timing of developmental phases and secondary metabolism may be equally or sometimes more important than damaging effects of UVB.
These changes can have important implications for plant competitive balance, herbivory, plant diseases, and biogeochemical cycles. Phytoplankton form the foundation of aquatic food webs. Phytoplankton productivity is limited to the euphotic zone, the upper layer of the water column in which there is sufficient sunlight to support net productivity.
Exposure to solar UVB radiation has been shown to affect both orientation and motility in phytoplankton, resulting in reduced survival rates for these organisms. Scientists have demonstrated a direct reduction in phytoplankton production due to ozone depletion-related increases in UVB. UVB radiation has been found to cause damage to early developmental stages of fish, shrimp, crab, amphibians, and other marine animals. Figure 1: Consumption of controlled ozone-depleting substances , governments made an additional commitment, agreeing to freeze production of HCFCs in developing countries by and to bring forward the final phase-out date of these chemicals to Protecting the ozone layer also protects the climate The reduction in ozone-depleting substances has also had a beneficial side-effect.
A number of accompanying bans. Source: European Commission. Considering overall emissions Because F-gases contribute to climate change, businesses are now looking to replace them with other substances. The reported information is summarised in the following annual reports by the EEA: Report on fluorinated gases Briefing on ozone-depleting substances The EEA also publishes two related indicators: Indicator on production, sales and emissions of flourinated greenhouse gases Indicator on production and consumption of ozone depleting substances.
Related content Sort by: Publishing date Title. News and articles News Europe continues to phase out ozone layer-damaging chemicals Europe continues to make progress in phasing out chemicals which damage the ozone layer according to a new report from the European Environment Agency EEA.
The report considers the use of more than chemicals controlled by the Montreal Protocol and EU legislation. Publication Fluorinated greenhouse gases Aggregated data reported by companies on the production, import and export of fluorinated greenhouse gases in the European Union. Publication Ozone-depleting substances Aggregated data reported by companies on the import, export, production, destruction and feedstock and process agent use of ozone-depleting substances in the European Union.
Topics Topics: Climate change mitigation. Tags Filed under: f-gases ozone depleting substances climate change mitigation. Filed under: f-gases , ozone depleting substances , climate change mitigation. Document Actions Share with others. Follow us Sign up to receive our news notifications and our quarterly e-newsletter. Contact us Kongens Nytorv 6 Copenhagen K.
Ask your question Media enquiries. Biodiversity Information System for Europe. Climate Adaptation Platform. Copernicus In Situ. Copernicus in situ component. Copernicus Land. Copernicus land monitoring.
European Industrial Emissions Portal. Forest Information System for Europe. Information Platform for Chemical Monitoring. UVB has been linked to many harmful effects , including skin cancers, cataracts, and harm to some crops and marine life. Scientists have established records spanning several decades that detail normal ozone levels during natural cycles. Ozone concentrations in the atmosphere vary naturally with sunspots, seasons, and latitude.
These processes are well understood and predictable. Each natural reduction in ozone levels has been followed by a recovery. Beginning in the s, however, scientific evidence showed that the ozone shield was being depleted well beyond natural processes. When chlorine and bromine atoms come into contact with ozone in the stratosphere, they destroy ozone molecules.
One chlorine atom can destroy over , ozone molecules before it is removed from the stratosphere. Ozone can be destroyed more quickly than it is naturally created. Some compounds release chlorine or bromine when they are exposed to intense UV light in the stratosphere. These compounds contribute to ozone depletion, and are called ozone-depleting substances ODS ODS A compound that contributes to stratospheric ozone depletion.
ODS include chlorofluorocarbons CFCs , hydrochlorofluorocarbons HCFCs , halons, methyl bromide, carbon tetrachloride, hydrobromofluorocarbons, chlorobromomethane, and methyl chloroform. ODS are generally very stable in the troposphere and only degrade under intense ultraviolet light in the stratosphere. When they break down, they release chlorine or bromine atoms, which then deplete ozone. ODS that release chlorine include chlorofluorocarbons chlorofluorocarbons Gases covered under the Montreal Protocol and used for refrigeration, air conditioning, packaging, insulation, solvents, or aerosol propellants.
Since they are not destroyed in the lower atmosphere, CFCs drift into the upper atmosphere where, given suitable conditions, they break down ozone. These gases are being replaced by other compounds: hydrochlorofluorocarbons, an interim replacement for CFCs that are also covered under the Montreal Protocol, and hydrofluorocarbons, which are covered under the Kyoto Protocol.
All these substances are also greenhouse gases. See hydrochlorofluorocarbons, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, ozone depleting substance. CFCs , hydrochlorofluorocarbons hydrochlorofluorocarbons Compounds containing hydrogen, fluorine, chlorine, and carbon atoms.
Although ozone depleting substances, they are less potent at destroying stratospheric ozone than chlorofluorocarbons CFCs.
They have been introduced as temporary replacements for CFCs and are also greenhouse gases. See ozone depleting substance. HCFCs , carbon tetrachloride carbon tetrachloride A compound consisting of one carbon atom and four chlorine atoms.
Carbon tetrachloride was widely used as a raw material in many industrial uses, including the production of chlorofluorocarbons CFCs , and as a solvent. Solvent use ended when it was discovered to be carcinogenic. It is also used as a catalyst to deliver chlorine ions to certain processes.
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