For example, your User model might have a suspended state that modifies one of its default attribute values. You may define your state transformations using the base factory's state method.
You may name your state method anything you like. After all, it's just a typical PHP method:. As mentioned, Laravel 8's model factories contain first class support for relationships. So, assuming our User model has a posts relationship method, we may simply run the following code to generate a user with three posts:.
Laravel's re-written factories contain many more features that we think you will love. To learn more about model factories, please consult the database testing documentation. Migration squashing was contributed by Taylor Otwell. As you build your application, you may accumulate more and more migrations over time. This can lead to your migration directory becoming bloated with potentially hundreds of migrations. To get started, execute the schema:dump command:.
Now, when you attempt to migrate your database and no other migrations have been executed, Laravel will execute the schema file's SQL first.
After executing the schema file's commands, Laravel will execute any remaining migrations that were not part of the schema dump. Laravel's job batching feature allows you to easily execute a batch of jobs and then perform some action when the batch of jobs has completed executing.
The new batch method of the Bus facade may be used to dispatch a batch of jobs. Of course, batching is primarily useful when combined with completion callbacks.
So, you may use the then , catch , and finally methods to define completion callbacks for the batch.
To learn more about job batching, please consult the queue documentation. Rate limiting improvements were contributed by Taylor Otwell. Laravel's request rate limiter feature has been augmented with more flexibility and power, while still maintaining backwards compatibility with previous release's throttle middleware API.
Rate limiters are defined using the RateLimiter facade's for method. The for method accepts a rate limiter name and a closure that returns the limit configuration that should apply to routes that are assigned this rate limiter:. Since rate limiter callbacks receive the incoming HTTP request instance, you may build the appropriate rate limit dynamically based on the incoming request or authenticated user:.
Sometimes you may wish to segment rate limits by some arbitrary value. For example, you may wish to allow users to access a given route times per minute per IP address. To accomplish this, you may use the by method when building your rate limit:. Rate limiters may be attached to routes or route groups using the throttle middleware. The throttle middleware accepts the name of the rate limiter you wish to assign to the route:. To learn more about rate limiting, please consult the routing documentation.
Maintenance mode improvements were contributed by Taylor Otwell with inspiration from Spatie. A new cors configuration is included in the default Laravel application skeleton. Query time casting was contributed by Matt Barlow. Sometimes you may need to apply casts while executing a query, such as when selecting a raw value from a table. For example, consider the following query:. It would be convenient if we could apply a date cast to this attribute when executing the query. To accomplish this, we may use the withCasts method provided by Laravel In previous releases of Laravel, the database queue was not considered robust enough for production usage, due to deadlocks.
The test command was contributed by Nuno Maduro. In addition to the phpunit command, you may now use the test Artisan command to run your tests. The Artisan test runner provides beautiful console UX and more information regarding the test that is currently running. In addition, the runner will automatically stop on the first test failure:. Any arguments that can be passed to the phpunit command may also be passed to the Artisan test command:.
Markdown mail template improvements were contributed by Taylor Otwell. The default Markdown mail template has received a fresh, more modern design based on the Tailwind CSS color palette. Of course, this template can be published and customized according to your application's needs:. For more information on Markdown mail, please consult the mail documentation.
Stub customization was contributed by Taylor Otwell. The Artisan console's make commands are used to create a variety of classes, such as controllers, jobs, migrations, and tests.
These classes are generated using "stub" files that are populated with values based on your input. However, you may sometimes wish to make small changes to files generated by Artisan.
To accomplish this, Laravel 7 provides the stub:publish command to publish the most common stubs for customization:. The published stubs will be located within a stubs directory in the root of your application. Any changes you make to these stubs will be reflected when you generate their corresponding classes using Artisan make commands. The maxExceptions property was contributed by Mohamed Said.
Sometimes you may wish to specify that a job may be attempted many times, but should fail if the retries are triggered by a given number of exceptions. In Laravel 7, you may define a maxExceptions property on your job class:. In this example, the job is released for ten seconds if the application is unable to obtain a Redis lock and will continue to be retried up to 25 times. However, the job will fail if three unhandled exceptions are thrown by the job. Version Master 8.
The code seen above can change as shown below:. So we have a new way to promote properties that are shorter, more readable, and less prone to errors. According to Nikita :. But that reduces the amount of boilerplate code you have to write for value objects in particular….
Reflection and other introspection mechanisms will observe the state after desugaring. This means that promoted properties will appear the same way as explicitly declared properties, and promoted constructor arguments will appear as ordinary constructor arguments. Usually, we say that methods always have to be compatible with the parent method. So the constructor really belongs to a single class, and constructors between parent and child class do not have to be compatible in any way.
Promoted properties are allowed in non-abstract constructors and traits, but there are several limitations worth mentioning here. One of the most notable constraints is related to nullability. But with a null default value, the type was implicitly nullable. See the following example from the RFC:. As callable is not a supported type for properties , we are not allowed to use the callable type in promoted properties:.
Only a visibility keyword can be used with promoted parameters, so declaring constructor properties with the var keyword is not allowed see the following example from the RFC :. We can combine promoted properties and explicit properties in the same class, but properties cannot be declared twice:.
The reason here is that the declared type is different from the variadic parameter, which is actually an array:. For an in-depth overview of object ergonomics in PHP, see this post and the following interview with Larry Garfield.
A trait can also contain abstract methods. According to the PHP manual ,. This also means that the signatures of the methods must match. In other words, the type and the number of required arguments need to be the same. Anyway, according to Nikita Popov , author of the RFC, signature validation is currently enforced only spottily:. With that being said, this RFC proposes to always throw a fatal error if the implementing method is not compatible with the abstract trait method, regardless of its origin:.
In PHP, inheritance errors due to incompatible method signatures throw either a fatal error or a warning depending on what is causing the error. If a class is implementing an interface, incompatible method signatures throw a fatal error. According to Object Interfaces documentation :. Not doing so will result in a fatal error. Here is an example of an inheritance error with an interface :. A function in a child class with an incompatible signature would throw a warning.
See the following code from the RFC:. Now, this RFC proposes to always throw a fatal error for incompatible method signatures. With PHP 8, the code we saw earlier above would prompt the following:. Look at the following example:. With PHP 8, arrays starting with a negative index change their behavior. Read more about backward incompatibilities in the RFC. Union types accept values that can be of different types. Type syntax and the special iterable type.
Before PHP 8, union types could only be specified in phpdoc annotations , as shown in the following example from the RFC:. Now, the Union types 2. When passing a parameter of illegal type, internal and user-defined functions behave differently. User-defined functions throw a TypeError , but internal functions behave in various ways, depending on several conditions.
Anyway, the typical behavior is to throw a warning and return null. See the following example in PHP 7. In such scenarios, the type error is detected and results in a TypeError. To remove these inconsistencies, this RFC proposes to make the internal parameter parsing APIs to always generate a ThrowError in case of a parameter type mismatch. This RFC proposes to convert the throw statement into an expression so that it can be used in any context where expressions are allowed.
For example, arrow functions , null coalesce operator , ternary and elvis operators , etc. A weak map is a collection of data objects in which keys are weakly referenced, meaning that they are not prevented from being garbage collected. PHP 7. As pointed out by Nikita Popov,. It is not possible to implement an efficient weak map on top of PHP weak references because the ability to register a destruction callback is not provided.
In long-running processes, this would prevent memory leaks and improve performance. With PHP 8, the code above would produce the following result see the code in action here :.
For a closer look at Weak maps, see the RFC. The proposal was unanimously approved. Trailing commas are commas appended to lists of items in different contexts. PHP 8 now introduces trailing commas in parameter lists with functions, methods, and closures, as shown in the following example:.
Attributes, also known as annotations, are structured metadata that can be used to specify properties for objects, elements, or files.
Until PHP 7. The Attributes v2 RFC introduces PHP attributes, defining them as a form of structured, syntactic metadata that can be added to declarations of classes, properties, functions, methods, parameters, and constants. Attributes are added before the declarations they refer to.
See the following examples from the RFC:. Each declaration may have one or more attributes, and each attribute may have one or more associated values:. Named arguments provide a new way of passing arguments to a function in PHP:.
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